Several violence cases only just happened in this country. Starting from bomb explosion cases, whether in Cirebon, Solo; up to chain of hostilities in Papua. One thing that is interesting, there is a tendency to strengthen the role of the military. The trend can be seen from statements by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and TNI Commander Admiral Agus Suhartono.
On the 66th anniversary of the TNI, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono called again on strengthening territorial commands in all parts of Indonesia. A reason behind that statement is each military command has intelligent function. It could be used to oversee the activities of the community, escepecially those categorized as potential terrorism and also to help the police prevent and suppress terrorism. Next on coping with terror military exercise-Police (27/10), Armed Forces Commander Admiral Agus Suhartono declared the military would improve early detection (early advice) in tackling terrorism in all parts of Indonesia. This appeal has some further consequences of the military reform, that is still prolonged since 1998, as well as the strengthening of national defense based on Minimum Defense Strength (Minimum Essential Force / MEF).
The recommendation in accordance with Law No. 2 of 2002, TNI reform on national defense is to liquidate the territorial command structure in vicinities that are not prone to conflict, ranging from the smallest to the top of the structure. The structure consists of Babinsa, military command (milcom), district military command (Kodim), Resort Military Command (Korem), and Region Military Command (kodam). The recommendation is based on an evaluation of the new order era over the effectiveness of the milcom.
Milcom was originally designed to empower all resources and potential that exists in an area to be used in the interest of national defense. However, on the New Order era, milcom was used to support the regime's political interests. Milcom used as a mobilizer of support at the time of election. Milcom was also used to oversee all community activities, especially to assess the threat potentials to national stability. Repressive approach to be one characteristic execution milcom function in the era of the new order.
Post-New Order era, the TNI arranged internal regulatory reform. It produced such as Law. 2 of 2002 on National Defence and Law. 32 of 2004 on the TNI, and the Indonesia Defence White Paper in 2008. In these regulations, the mandated realignment of a number of milcom in various parts of Indonesia was implicit. However, its implementation is very difficult to accomplish. There are two main reasons.
First, it still retained the doctrine of national defense, the defense system of the universe (sishanta). This doctrine assumes all components and national resources are used to maintain the sovereignty of the country. That makes milcom a "backbone" in the map and empower all components and resources in every region of this country. Second, the absence of a strong desire from the ranks of the army leadership to restructure the entire milcom. Milcom was still deemed necessary to secure the entire area of Homeland from a variety of potential threats arising from within the community, including terrorism.
In the era of democratic reform with more open options such as now, the function can be run by the empowerment of local government. Within the framework of autonomy, local governments were able to map and empower both supporting components and reserve components, as well as all local resources to support the defense function. To cope with the threat of terror, the state government has a security tool, namely the police. Support should be given to the police to handle national security issues, as mandated by the constitution. TNI itself must support increased empowerment of civil capacity to perform the function of the defense area.
Milcom existence, was no longer held up to the village level (Babinsa). Territorial function, if need be maintained, moderately to the level of counties (Kodim). It is given the function of coordination and mobilization of all forces in the area of organic, under the authority of regional military command (kodcam) and military resort command (Korem). The milcom’s existence tends to maintain the military status quo in the region, which has persisted since the implemented Wehrkreise system (zone of defense) in the time of the revolution.
Rejection of the top brass of the army, is inversely proportional to the reality in the region. Milcom existence in some areas turns out directly related to conflict, to ignite unrest, and even involved in some acts of human rights violations against the community. Based on reports of Commision Of Human Rights (Komnas Ham) in 2010 - March 2011, there were 88 cases of human rights violations are indications, both involving personnel, staff, or territorial institutions in all parts of Indonesia.
Numerous human rights complaints including the seizure of land, forced demolition of some buildings, immoral acts, acts beatings, and even lead to death. In addition, according to Human Rights Watch report in 2008, the existence of territorial commands in various areas related to the presence of military business. Some milcom used to maintain a number of military businesses that had not liquidated or taken over by the Government as mandated by Government Regulation No. 23 of 2009 on Acquisition of Military Business Activities.
In order to establish minimum Defence Forces (MEF), the existence of the milcom need to be reassessed. The assumption is based on a two zone defense, which is the buffer zone (EEZ up to the enemy's territory) and the main defensive zone 2 (the territorial waters of Indonesia territory).The naval and air force become central actors there, and they are not easy to deal with. This is mainly done to make the strengthening of the resistance zone 3 (mainland territory of Indonesia), where the army through milcom has become a major actor of national defense.
In fact, the enemy military aggression will easily enter and destroy Indonesia's defense zone 3, if two zones are not reinforced on its leading edge. MEF tried to respond to this, by strengthening the power of both personnel and equipment on both the navy and air force. Reinforcement should be made to the detachment of the interconnected mengkara (denjaka) Navy and detachment bravo-90 (denbravo-90) Air Force, for not enduring on the strengthening of territorial structures, which tend to be ineffective. Territorial structures would have only run the administrative functions of coaching area, and not empowering the soldiers’ capacity of the frontline battles.
Both of these elite units should be viewed broadly as part of strengthening the two zone defense, including efforts to address terrorism. Plus a special detachment of 88, should have done is coordination among the elite unit who has the expertise on handling terror, rather than on strengthening the territorial structure. Moreover, the national defense budget had allocated some cash for the provision of substantial territorial function, namely 20.6 billion in 2012. Budget for it, would be more effective if used for other military needs which are very imperative, such as welfare of the personnel and the ability of the main tools of weapons systems (defense equipment).
Effectiveness of the territorial command is no longer relevant if applied as in the era of revolution. Reason of the "livelihood" has backed milcom for handling terror forcefully. It still requires more comprehensive study related to the use of territorial structure in the face of terrorism.
HW
Writter is a research fellow at Center for Global Society Studies (Pacivis)
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